The ancient mysteries of the Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria

Update (October 2026): This guide to the ancient sites of the Eastern Rhodopes has been reviewed and updated with archaeological clarifications and practical information about visiting the region. Some interpretations of the mysterious rock niches, tombs, and sanctuaries remain debated, and new discoveries continue to expand our understanding of the area’s history. The original route descriptions and firsthand exploration experiences have been preserved.

The Rhodope Mountains (called also “Rhodopes”) are one of the largest mountain ranges in the Balkan Peninsula. Not just one of the largest, but also one of the wildest and most mysterious mountain areas in the whole of Europe. They are divided into Western and Eastern Rhodopes. While the western part is higher and covered by deep dark forests, the eastern part is lower but full of ancient secrets. Within the Eastern Balkans, the Eastern Rhodopes are where relief drops, rock takes over, and the landscape turns into a low, broken maze of ridges — the perfect terrain for hidden sanctuaries, niches, and long-lived border cultures. Let’s make a journey to this offbeat, little-known place, far from the tourist crowds, and let’s travel back in ancient times there!

About the Eastern Rhodopes

The Rhodope Mountains are located in the southern part of Bulgaria, and the northernmost part of Greece. Two third of the mountains consist of high ridges and sub-ridges, reaching 2000 m altitude and above. This area is called Western Rhodopes.

And the rest of the mountain range, which is its eastern part, is lower, covered by broad-leaved forests and some agricultural fields in the valleys. Finally, these low ridges and hills gradually disappear in the valley of the Maritsa River in Greece.

The largest river in Eastern Rhodopes is Arda, and most of the area is covered by its basin- Arda River and its tributaries. There are three large dam lakes on Arda- some of the most beautiful dam lakes in the Balkans.

The people and their settlements

The main city in Eastern Rhodopes is Kardzhali. Besides it, there are several smaller cities and towns- Momchilgrad, Krumovgrad, Madzharovo, and Ivailovgrad, as well as some towns at the “edge” of the mountains.

The rest of the population in Eastern Rhodopes live in the villages- and there are hundreds of small villages, scattered around the valleys and the hills. Most of the population is a mix of ethnic Turks and Bulgarians, and a significant part of them are Muslims.

In general, this is how the Eastern Rhodopes look like- hills, valleys, some covered by forests, some more naked and stony, villages with mosques, and several cities. But if you travel around the mountain and dive deeper, you can notice that there are a lot of mysteries and long history behind this pastoral image.

The history of Eastern Rhodopes

Eastern Rhodopes are low in elevation, but quite rocky. And if you look at the rocks while you explore it, most probably you would notice some weird trapezoid holes on the rock walls, called niches. Obviously, they are human-made, but who has made them, and for what purpose? There is no answer and most probably we will never know anytime soon!

And only this fact tells you that the Eastern Rhodopes has a long and mysterious history. Known and unknown people have left a lot of remains, some of which are very strange. But let’s dive into a time travel to the ancient past…

The ancient Thracians

The Thracians are ancient people, who have lived in the eastern part of the Balkans. They have left a lot of artifacts, but little written information, since they have never presented their own alphabet.

What we know about them comes mainly from the ancient Greek sources, and from the multiple remains, scattered around the whole territory of Bulgaria, as well as parts of Turkey, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, and Serbia.

The Thracian peoples emerged through a long cultural development during the Bronze and Iron Ages. They consisted of numerous tribes, some of which established powerful kingdoms, including the Odrysian Kingdom in the eastern Balkans. Different Thracian groups inhabited the Rhodope Mountains, but the precise tribal origins of many rock-cut monuments in the Eastern Rhodopes remain uncertain. Some sites may have been used over several historical periods, and their earliest phases could predate the classical Thracian kingdoms.

More ancient unknown people?

Archaeological research shows that people inhabited the Eastern Rhodopes long before the historical Thracian tribes appeared. Prehistoric settlements and artifacts from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods have been discovered in the region, including the ancient settlements of Varhari and Orlitsa. Some of these remains date back several thousand years before Christ.

However, the exact relationship between these prehistoric communities and the later Thracian population is not fully understood. The unusual appearance of some rock-cut monuments has inspired many theories, but it doesn’t necessarily mean that they were created by a separate, unknown civilization. Archaeologists continue to investigate the complex cultural development of the Eastern Rhodopes from prehistory through antiquity.

So, besides the strange trapezoid niches on the rock walls, today we can also see various kinds of tombs, religious sanctuaries, weird round or oval holes carved on rocks, and round Stonehenge-like dolmens. Finally, there are a lot of stories and legends, obscured in a mix of real history and fantasy.

Romans, Slavs, Bulgarians

The Romans came to the eastern part of the Balkans in the 1st century BC, but the Rhodope Mountains remained the last Balkan territory, conquered by the Roman Empire. Then, about 400 years later, the Slavs came from the north and gradually settled in most of the Balkans, including the Eastern Rhodopes.

Finally, the Bulgarian Empire conquered this area at the beginning of the 9th century, but during the next 500 years, it was often exchanged between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire.

It is unknown what exactly happened to the ancient Thracians. Most probably, they were assimilated by the Romans and the Slavs. Christianity was introduced in the area, and the ancient Thracian rituals were abandoned and forgotten. But the mystery and the impact of the ancient demons that hover around their sanctuaries, tombs, and other strange artifacts still remain.

The Islam

In the 14th century, the Ottoman Turks conquered the Eastern Rhodope and gradually, most of the Balkan Peninsula. The area remained a part of the Ottoman Empire until the beginning of the 20th century.

During that time, the ethnic picture of this place gradually changed. Turks become a significant part of the population, and Islam became the dominant religion. But again, the mysterious ancient sites remained a source of legends, fantasy, and even fear somehow added to the local version of Islam.

Today, some of these sites have become tourist attractions. Other sites were added on the maps, but remained hidden, known only by the locals and detectable only by adventurous explorers. And there are sites that scientists are discovering just now, and probably many more that have remained hidden, expecting to be discovered.

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Sites from the ancient past

So, let’s back to the ancient past. The people from those distant times have left a lot of traces, some of them well-preserved, some almost invisible. But they are everywhere, so if you explore this land, you can’t miss them.

Thracian tombs

Ancient tombs can be found everywhere in the world, and they speak a lot about life in the past. Thracian tombs are no exception, but at the same time, they have their secrets.

Thracian tombs are not the same, but there are various kinds of tombs. Some of them are made in a mound with a chamber inside, while others are carved in rocks. Little has remained today in the tombs- the relics have been first taken by treasure hunters, and the rest have been collected by scientists for laboratories and museums.

These are some of the most interesting Thracian tombs:

Thracian tomb in Mezek

This is one of the largest Thracian tombs in the Balkans. It is dome-shaped (tumulus) with a chamber inside. Obviously, it has belonged to a noble, probably a local chief. You enter through a 20 m long corridor and the core chamber inside is round.

Today, the tomb is maintained as a visitor attraction. It is easily accessible by car or on foot from Mezek village, and parking is available nearby. There is an entrance fee, with combined tickets for the Thracian tomb and the medieval Mezek Fortress sometimes available. Check the current prices and opening hours through the Mezek Tourist Information Centre before visiting.

Thracian tomb at Sheinovets

Not far from Mezek you can find a smaller Thracian tomb, much more hidden in the forest. It is located around 20 min walk west of Mt Sheinovets, the highest peak of the Rhodopean Gorata Range. It is dome-shaped (tumulus), and it is located in the wild forest near the peak. No museum, no entrance fees, just a wild mystery.

You can reach it by car on the narrow paved road to Mt Sheinovets and stop about 2 km west of the peak. Then walk 15 min on a trail through the forest and you will see it- abandoned, mysterious and silent, as one with the surrounding still nature.

Thracian tombs at Pchelari

Not far from Arda River, near the village of Pchelari, you can find two different tombs. They are carved in rocks. The bigger one is so high that you can stand inside of it. Today, they are empty and what once was inside has been taken by treasure hunters.

These tombs can be reached by dirt road from the so-called “tourist center” at the road, connecting the village of Pchelari and Belopoltsi, or by trail (partly covered by grass, thorns, and bush) from the same road. Again- no museum, no entrance fees, no tourist crowds.

Thracian tombs at Potochnitsa

If you cross the Arda River, you can find other tombs carved in the rocks- the tombs near Potochnitsa village. The main tomb has a trapezoid shape, with an 8 m long funnel-shaped entrance. There are a lot of rock niches carved on the nearby rocks. Again, the area around the tombs is wild and accessible only by trail hiking.

Thracian tomb Punarkaya

This one is a kind of dome-shaped tomb, but a bit different. It is carved inside the rocks, with a mound over them, at the same time with an entrance made by small stones on both sides. There is a water source inside the tomb and flowing out of it.

The tomb is located between the villages of Stareishino and Svetlen. The best way to reach it is by car to one of these villages, and there is a narrow trail leading to the tomb. Again- no museum, no entrance fee.

Thracian tomb Golyamata Mogila (Big Mound) near Svirachi

Another interesting tomb can be found in the far east of the Eastern Rhodopes, near Ivailovgrad and the border with Greece. It is a mound type of tomb and is supposed to serve the nearby owners of the ancient Armira Cottage.

Its entrance is closed by stones. Again, there is no entrance fee, and it remains a bit neglected, hidden in grass and bush. But its artifacts found there are exposed in some of the best archaeological museums in Bulgaria.

Besides these tombs, there are many other smaller, hidden, half-destroyed, or almost completely destroyed tombs from the ancient past. I would mention also the tomb of Aleksandrovo, which is well-maintained with museum and entrance fee, but it is “almost” out of the Eastern Rhodopes.

Thracian sanctuaries and niches

There is another tomb that deserves to be mentioned because it is not just a tomb. It is a significant Thracian and pre-Thracian sanctuary, containing a unique tomb, partially surrounded by a fortification wall. This is Tatul.

Tatul

Tatul is something more mysterious, and quite different from the usual Thracian tombs. It is located on a rocky hill with an unusual truncated pyramid-shaped formation and a sarcophagus-like structure carved into the rock. The complex is among the most remarkable rock-cut archaeological sites in the Eastern Rhodopes. Some researchers have connected it with the legendary Thracian figure of Orpheus, although this interpretation remains debated.

This place guides us to even more ancient times, before the Thracians, at least several thousand years before Christ. Numerous artifacts have been discovered there, and they reveal a mysterious pre-historic culture. The site is obviously used by the Thracians later.

This site is located just outside of Tatul village, east of Momchilgrad. Today, it is turned into a tourist attraction with an entrance fee: 3 BGN

But there is something even older and more mysterious- a place, called Deaf Stones.

Deaf Stones (Gluhite Kamani)

Unlike Tatul, this place is located in a deep forest, on the western side of the Gorata Range of the Eastern Rhodopes. It is a strange place, with no echo, with a weird silence everywhere around it. That’s why it is called “Deaf Stones”.

And there are the stones- giant natural rocks rising inside the thick forest. More than 300 rock-cut niches have been documented here, together with a rock-cut cistern, chambers, and other archaeological features. Excavations have revealed cultural layers from the Early Iron Age, as well as evidence of activity during later Thracian, Roman, Late Antique, and medieval periods.

The exact purpose of every carved feature is still uncertain, but the site is now much better understood than it was before systematic archaeological excavations began in 2008. Gluhite Kamani was clearly used over a long period, and its different historical layers make it one of the most fascinating archaeological complexes in the Eastern Rhodopes. For more information, see the National Archaeological Institute’s research report.

Deaf Stones are easily accessible by a 2 km dirt road, west of the main road between Harmanli and Ivailovgrad. There is no entrance fee and you can visit it at any time. But if you do it in the evening or in the night, be prepared for a unique depressing feeling that can’t be felt anywhere else!

Kovan Kaya

Let’s mention the rock niches once again, and back to the area of Pchelari and Potochnitsa tombs. If you travel on the road between Pchelari and Belopoltsi, you can see massive rocks on the left side of the road, just before it crosses the Arda River. And you can notice that these rocks are punctured by numerous niches like cheese.

This place is called Kovan Kaya- the place with more rock niches than anywhere else in Eastern Rhodope. Again, nobody knows who and why has made these niches- the Thracians or the mysterious civilization before them.

Kovan Kaya is free to visit, just beside the road. No entrance fee and no working time.

Nochevo cult complex

If you go to the northwest of Eastern Rhodopes, in the low ranges of Dragoina and Mechkovets, traveling on the road that connects Asenovgrad and Kardzhali, and you are looking for something ancient and mysterious, you have to leave this road to the small village of Nochevo.

Nochevo consists of around 10-15 houses only, and its village hall is at the end of the village. From there, you proceed eastward on a narrow trail, and only after 15 min walking, you can see weird rock formations, obviously carved and reshaped by ancient humans.

You can see rock niches, and strange troughs carved in the rocks with unknown purposes, called “Sharapans”. But maybe the weirdest of all these is a cave that probably once has been natural, but later reshaped by someone, again for ritual or maybe other purposes. No letters, no signs, or anything else that can tell a story about all of these things!

Utrobata Cave

When I mention “caves”, there are many other caves in Eastern Rhodopes that are more than just a natural phenomenon. Probably the most famous one is Utrobata Cave, located northwest of Kardzhali, on the road to Nenkovo Village.

The cave is relatively short, about 10-15 m deep, and its natural shape appears to have been modified by human activity. Its entrance and interior resemble female reproductive anatomy, which explains its Bulgarian name, “Utrobata” (the Womb). The cave is widely interpreted as an ancient ritual site, possibly associated with fertility and beliefs about a female deity. However, its exact dating and original ritual functions remain subjects of archaeological interpretation.

You can reach Utrobata by a 40 min hike on a steep trail that starts from the road to Nenkovo. There is a tourist shelter near the cave and it is free to visit.

There are many other smaller or larger sanctuaries and niches, most of them hidden, half-destroyed or just abandoned and gradually “conquered” by the forest, grass, and bush. I would also mention a remote place known for its unusually large number of snakes, but I prefer not to reveal its location. According to local stories, the snakes are connected with ancient rituals and sacrifices once performed in the area. Of course, this is a legend rather than an established archaeological or biological explanation. Nevertheless, it adds another mysterious story to the already fascinating ancient landscape of the Eastern Rhodopes.

Ancient cities and fortresses

So, I mentioned tombs, sanctuaries, and other strange ancient religious sites. But where have these people lived? Today, we can find some of their settlements- fortresses and city remnants. The most significant and best researched of them is the ancient city of Perperikon.

Perperikon

If you travel on the road between the villages of Chernoochene and Chiflik, northeast of Kardzhali, and reach the villages of Murgovo or Gorna Krepost, you can see a hill with rocks on its top. But when you approach and climb the hill, you will discover a huge ancient city with remains of houses, temples, fort walls, towers, and many other city attributes.

This is Perperikon- a city that has been established probably more than 4000 years ago, before the Thracians. Later it has been an important center for the Thracians, Romans, Goths, and Medieval Bulgarians, and today we can see historical layers from various ages.

During the 14th century, Perperikon declined and was eventually abandoned in the period of the Ottoman conquest of the region. Today, extensive archaeological excavations have revealed much of its ancient and medieval history, and the site is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Eastern Rhodopes. You can reach it by car or as part of an organized tour. Entrance tickets are required, and the current fees and visiting arrangements should be checked before arrival.

More ancient cities and other sites

The strange thing is that there is not much left of the ancient settlements in the Eastern Rhodopes. You can find many fortresses, but most of them are Medieval. Only hardly identifiable piles of stones with Thracian origin can be found in some places, usually known only by the local people, not mentioned in any maps. But there is more to discover…

Kovil

Near the village of Kovil, there is another remarkable concentration of rock-cut features, including niches, basins, and other formations that have attracted the attention of researchers and local explorers. Some interpretations suggest possible ritual or astronomical functions, but these theories have not been conclusively established. The site’s exact extent, chronology, and relationship to the other ancient complexes of the Eastern Rhodopes still require further investigation.

Perhaps this place will become a more developed tourist attraction in the future. For now, it remains one of the less-known archaeological landscapes of the region, where there is still much to explore and understand.

How to explore the ancient remains of Eastern Rhodopes

The best way to do it is by car. Most of the roads are recently renewed, so their quality is good. If you don’t travel in your own car, there are plenty of options for a rental car in the big cities of Bulgaria.

Your starting point can be Sofia, Plovdiv, or Burgas. You can travel on Trakia and Maritsa Highways, and choose any exit to the south. Then you can plan your route through Kardzhali, Momchilgrad, Krumovgrad, and Ivailovgrad, with detours to the nearby ancient sites.

Check for rent a car in Bulgaria!

Adventurous ways to explore Eastern Rhodopes

A more adventurous way to explore the Eastern Rhodopes would be by bicycle or by hiking. If you decide to travel by bike, you can travel to Kardzhali by bus or train, then rent a bike from here.

Or, if you want to go hiking, you just need a longer time, proper equipment, and a good hiking experience, especially for reading maps and GPS to avoid getting lost.

There are buses between the main cities in Eastern Rhodopes, but they are inconvenient and can’t take you to the destinations you want to visit. So, you can use a bus or train only to reach a city in the region as a starting point for hiking.

Geography and routes

There are plenty of options on how to design your route in the Eastern Rhodopes. And of course, along with the ancient sites, you can combine your route with other points of interest- natural parks and phenomena, the dam lakes or Arda River, small local villages, and big cities.

For more information, look at the map below:

Or visit the online map that includes Eastern Rhodopes:

See the map of Eastern Rhodopes!

Accommodation

There are enough options for spending the night in the Eastern Rhodopes. You can find hotels and guest houses not only in the cities but also in some villages, usually those that are closer to the tourist sites.

Find your accommodation in Eastern Rhodopes!

If you explore the Eastern Rhodopes by bicycle or on foot, camping can be another way to experience the region. However, don’t assume that you can pitch a tent wherever you want. Check the rules for the particular location, especially within protected areas, near archaeological sites, and on private land. Avoid cultivated fields, farms, and places where camping could disturb wildlife or local residents. Choose a suitable and legally accessible location, follow fire restrictions, and leave no trace of your stay.

Yes, there are some wild animals like jackals, wild pigs, or even wolves, but it is unlikely that they would attack a tent with sleeping people inside. Anyway, cover your food well, because it can be a temptation for these animals.

Seasons

Every season in the Eastern Rhodopes has its own beauty. However, this region has low altitude, and I would advise you to avoid summer if you plan to go biking or hiking. It is hot and many trails are covered by thick and high grass, probably with snakes.

Spring is nice and cool, the grass is still low and trails are easy to walk. However, it can be often rainy, so you would better follow the weather forecast. You should especially avoid thunderstorms that start in May and can appear until the end of September.

Fall is nice and cool too and is much drier than spring. However, the grass is still higher and thicker. Besides, this is the hunting season, and it is not advisable to hike where hunters shoot.

Winter is relatively mild compared with the higher Western Rhodopes. Due to the lower elevations and the influence of Mediterranean air masses, prolonged snow cover is less common in many parts of the region, although snow and freezing temperatures are still possible. During snowless periods, some trails can become wet and muddy. Wildlife, including wolves, is present in the Eastern Rhodopes, but wolves normally avoid people. In winter, the more common challenges for hikers are short daylight hours, slippery trails, cold weather, and limited services in remote villages.

Anyway, no matter which season you choose to visit the Eastern Rhodopes, get more knowledge about what you are going to explore. It is not just history and archaeology, but it is also nature, local culture, and a lot of adventure opportunities. So, if you visit Bulgaria, plan a journey to this mysterious and amazing offbeat region, dive into a world far from the crowds, back in time, and enjoy an unforgettable experience!

Get more inspiration from the video below!

Take a look at some books about the Thracians and the Eastern Rhodopes:

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Krasen and Ying Ying

Hi, we are Krasen and Ying Ying. Krasen is from Bulgaria, and Ying Ying is from China. We are passionate about geography and history, and we believe that the best way to experience it is by exploring the Earth in reality, not in a school, and not virtually.

So, we created this blog Journey Beyond the Horizon, where we share geographical knowledge, travel guides and tips how to experience it when you explore our planet, and a lot of inspiration.

And we wish you a happy journey, not just virtually, but most of all- in reality.

Enjoy!

Krasen and Ying Ying

Hi, we are Krasen and Ying Ying. Krasen is from Bulgaria, and Ying Ying is from China. We are passionate about geography and history, and we believe that the best way to experience it is by exploring the Earth in reality, not in a school, and not virtually. So, we created this blog Journey Beyond the Horizon, where we share geographical knowledge, travel guides and tips how to experience it when you explore our planet, and a lot of inspiration. And we wish you a happy journey, not just virtually, but most of all- in reality. Enjoy!